How Can Rocket Exhaust Make a Hole in the Ionosphere?

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Rocket exhaust can make a temporary “hole” in the ionosphere by changing its chemistry. Molecules released high above Earth help positive ions recombine with free electrons, reducing the number of charged particles in a region. The word hole describes that local depletion. Air remains present, and the atmosphere has not been ripped open like fabric. Understanding the effect starts with a less visible feature of our planet: some of its upper atmosphere carries an electrical charge. Sunlight supplies much of that charge. Energetic ultraviolet radiation and X-rays can knock electrons away from atoms and molecules, leaving positive ions alongside free electrons. NOAA’s ionosphere overview places this region roughly 50 to 370 miles above Earth. Its electrical properties change with sunlight, location and solar activity. It also contains several layers with different particle densities. A rocket therefore passes through a changing environment rather than a rigid shell with a fixed thickness...
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When Did the San Antonio Spurs Join the NBA?

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Conceptual illustration of a basketball between two vintage scorebooks beside a silver riding spur and a San Antonio skyline

The San Antonio Spurs joined the NBA in 1976, three years after the franchise moved to San Antonio. Before that, the team played in the American Basketball Association, or ABA. The distinction explains why a history of the Spurs can begin before their first NBA season without being inconsistent. There are separate dates for the original franchise, its arrival in its present city, and its entry into the league in which it now competes.

The earliest of those chapters belongs to Dallas. The Texas State Historical Association traces the franchise to the Dallas Chaparrals, a charter member of the ABA in 1967. The team spent six seasons in Dallas before the move south. For the 1970–71 season it tried the wider regional identity of the Texas Chaparrals, then returned to the Dallas name. Those changes show why following an organization through time requires more than searching for its current name on old schedules. The Texas State Historical Association traces the Dallas years.

The move to San Antonio came in the summer of 1973. An official Spurs organizational history in the 2017 Stars media guide describes local investors leasing the Dallas franchise, relocating it, and purchasing it outright during the first season in the new city. The initial arrangement was therefore more specific than creating an entirely new team from scratch. A continuing basketball organization acquired a new home and identity, while its league membership initially stayed with the ABA.

The same guide records three San Antonio seasons in the ABA before the Spurs entered the NBA in the summer of 1976 alongside the Nets, Nuggets, and Pacers. This is the crucial link between the familiar modern team and the older league. San Antonio did not become an NBA city merely by receiving the relocated Chaparrals in 1973. The relocation and the later league transition were different events, separated by several seasons of basketball in the same city. The official organizational history records the relocation and NBA entry.

George Gervin makes that continuity easier to see through a player's career. The Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame lists his San Antonio years as 1974 through 1985, a span crossing the 1976 transition. His time as a Spur therefore did not begin with the team's first NBA season. The Hall also places his earlier professional years with the Virginia Squires. Following an individual player through those teams helps make the ABA chapter concrete rather than treating it as a distant organization unrelated to the modern club.

League labels also matter when reading records. The National Basketball Retired Players Association identifies Gervin with both the ABA and NBA and gives his NBA debut as October 22, 1976. That debut date does not say he had never played professional basketball before then. It marks the start of his NBA record. A date attached to one competition can be narrower than an athlete's full career, just as an NBA season count can be narrower than a franchise's complete professional history. The retired players association distinguishes Gervin’s NBA debut.

His later achievements provide another useful marker. The Hall of Fame credits Gervin with four NBA scoring titles, in 1978, 1979, 1980, and 1982, all after the Spurs entered the league. Its career profile also recognizes twelve combined NBA and ABA All-Star selections. The wording tells the reader what is being counted. Combined recognition includes work in both leagues, while an NBA scoring title refers to a particular NBA season. Keeping those labels intact makes historical comparisons more meaningful. The Basketball Hall of Fame records Gervin’s teams and honors.

The answer is easiest to remember as a sequence rather than a single founding label: Dallas in the ABA, San Antonio in the ABA, then San Antonio in the NBA. The 1976 date answers the league-entry question; 1973 answers when the team arrived in San Antonio. Both belong in the Spurs' story. Reading the dates alongside their definitions preserves the earlier players and seasons while making clear when the NBA chapter began.

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