How Do California Ballot Propositions Work?

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California ballot propositions let voters decide questions about laws and the state constitution directly. Some measures reach the ballot through citizen petitions, while others are placed there by the Legislature. A proposition is therefore a question for the electorate, rather than a candidate running for office. Its route to the ballot matters because it helps explain what kind of change is proposed and what had to happen before voters could consider it. An initiative is the power to propose a new statute or a constitutional amendment. Those are different kinds of change: one concerns ordinary state law, while the other changes the state's governing constitutional text. The state's ballot materials identify the type of measure alongside its subject. Reading that description is more informative than relying on the proposition number alone. A number locates a measure on a particular ballot; it does not tell you whether the proposal is narrow, far-reaching, or a change to the c...
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Why is the Moon Covered with Craters?

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The heavenly bodies were formed when smaller bodies, a few kilometers across, collided together. Eventually, when the stars, the planets and the satellites were formed, their surfaces were cratered by later collisions.

  The craters on the moon were formed during the first few hundred million years of the moon. They have remained so since they were formed. The moon cooled down quickly and preserved them forever. Moreover, there is no atmosphere to produce winds and weather which could wear down these craters to some extent.

  In contrast, the Earth's craters have been worn away by wind and rain. The Earth's crust is thinner and the surface has buckled and spilt.

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