What Does a Semiconductor Foundry Do?

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A semiconductor foundry manufactures chips for other companies, turning a circuit design into physical electronic devices. Its central job is to make the tiny structures and connections that allow a chip to work, then repeat that process reliably across many wafers. Some foundry services also include help with design, packaging and testing. The distinction matters because the company whose name appears on a processor does not necessarily own the factory that fabricated it. Chip design and chip manufacturing solve different problems. Designers decide what a device should do and develop the circuitry needed to achieve it. A foundry supplies a manufacturing process that can turn that circuitry into silicon. TSMC describes its dedicated foundry business as manufacturing customers’ products, rather than selling competing chip designs of its own. Companies that focus on design while contracting out fabrication are often called fabless. Other businesses combine chip design with their own manu...

Why is the Moon Covered with Craters?



The heavenly bodies were formed when smaller bodies, a few kilometers across, collided together. Eventually, when the stars, the planets and the satellites were formed, their surfaces were cratered by later collisions. The craters on the moon were formed during the first few hundred million years of the moon. They have remained so since they were formed. The moon cooled down quickly and preserved them forever. Moreover, there is no atmosphere to produce wind sand weather which could wear down these craters to some extent. In contrast, the Earth's craters have been worn away by wind and rain. The Earth's crust is thinner and the surface has buckled and split.

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