A catalytic converter is used to reduce the amount of harmful gases pumped into the atmosphere by vehicles. The converter is a metal case containing a metal or ceramic in the shape of a honey comb which is coated with a precious metal like platinum or rhodium which acts as a catalyst. The converter is fixed into the exhaust pipe of the vehicle. As the engine's exhaust gases flow through the honey comb, the catalyst converts the harmful gases like carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and hydrogen into water vapour and carbon dioxide.
T he first known Olympic games were held at Olympia in Greece in 776 B.C . They grew out of a religious ceremony held there that involved a sprinting race, They were held after every four years after a legend that the race of the religious ceremony should be done after four years. The Greek games ended in 394 A.D . 1500 years later, the modern Olympics were revived in 1896 and it was decided to stage them after every four years, exactly as it was done during ancient Greek times. Olympics have become the most magnificent sports festival of the world. Each time they are held in a different country where athletes from different nations compete in races , jumping, gymnastics, football, yatching and many more contests.
K arl Marx (1818-1883) was a political thinker and writer whose ideas brought about great social and political changes . He was born in Germany. His ideas were the starting point of communism. He believed that people who own property, the capitalist class, keep the workers down, so that the owners can become richer. He also thought that the workers would one day rise against the capitalists and take control. His ideas later inspired communist revolutions all over the world, notably the Russian Revolution .
A ir-traffic controllers make sure that planes take off and land safely and fly without any delays. The pilots are told where to fly so that no air collision takes place. The radar provides the air-traffic control staff with updated information about the exact position, destination and identity of every plane and about the weather conditions. When a plane is about 2,700 metres away from an airport and 600 metres above it, it enters the terminal control area. Working from this centre, the controller guides the pilot telling him at which height to fly or wait and circle the airport, when the plane has to land, etc. The controllers are also responsible for aircraft taking off and they also control planes throughout their flight from one airport to the next.
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